Antonyms ( متضاد ها) موضوع این قسمت از آموزش زبان انگلیسی هست که بهش می پردازیم.
An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word
antonym یک کلمه هست که معنای مخالف کلمه دیگری را دارد.
Male……Female man……woman
Marry…..Divorce mature…….Immature
Maximum……Minimum Melt……Freeze
Negative……positive Night…….day
Noicy……Quiet Old……New
Old……young Pass……Fail
Patient…….Impatient Plural……singular
Polite……Rude Polite……Impolite
Possible……Impossible Private……Public
Push……Pull Regular…..Irregular
Rich……Poor Relevant…..Irrelevant
Right……Left Right……wrong
Risky……safe Sad……Happy
Safe……Dengerous Satisfied……Dissatisfied
Seller……Buyer Simple……Hard
Single……Married Synonym……Antonym
External……Internal Fall……Rise
Fast…..Slow Fat……Thin
Fat……Skinny Few……Many
First…..Last Forgive……Blame
Forward……Backward Funny…….Sad
Giant…….Tiny Give……Receving
Healthy……Sick Heaven……Hell
Up…….Down Win…….Lose
Heavy……Light Husband……Wife
Identical…..Different Increase…..Decrease
Inside…..Outside Junior……Senior
Large……Small Laugh…..Cry
Lazy……Diligent Legal…..Illegal
Like……Dislike Lock……Unlock
Long……Short Loud……Quiet
Major……Minor Tough……Easy
Able……Unable Above……..Below
Absebt………Present Accept…….Decline
Accept……..Refuse Achieve…….Fail
Admit……..Deny Admit…….Reject
Against…….For Agree……Disagree
Alive…….Dead Alone……together
Always……..Never Ancient…….Modern
Answer……..Question Small……Big
Soft……Hard Arrive……Live
Ascend…….Descend Ask…….Answer
Attack…….Defend Awake…….Asleep
Bad…….Good Beautiful…….Ugly
Befor……After Begin…….End
Behind…….In front of Best…….Worst
Big…….Little Birth……Death
Bitter…….Sweet Black……Withe
Interesting……..Boring Start…….Finish
Boy……Girl Buy…….Sell
Carefull……Carless Expensive……Cheap
Cheerful……Sad Child…….Adult
Chilly…….Warm Clean…….Dirty
Cleaver…….Stupid Cold……Hot
Discomfort……Comfor Incompelet…….Compelet
Complex…….Simple Cool……Warm
Correct……Incorrect Correct……wrong
Crazy……Sane Create…….Destroy
Dark…….Bright Dark…….Light
Dawn……Sunset Difficult……Easy
Downwards……Upwards Dry……Wet
Dusk…….Dawn Easy……Hard
Enter…….Exite Exited…….Board
Exhale…….Inhale Export…….Import
Exterior…….Interior Tall…….Short
Everyone knows what an antonym is. Or do they?
Hot and cold? Fine… But do big and small excludebig and little, large and small or great and small?What about large and little? These matches are decided by how we use the words on a day-to-day basis — by culture and usage.
Over and under, above and below, up and downare clearly antonyms. But if Fred livesoverthe hill, is the opposite ofoverstillunder? If “the game isover“,the opposite must be that “the game hasbegun,” not that “the game isunder.” So what is going on here?Clearly, a particular antonym of a word relates to a particular sense of that word. Context tells us which sense that should be.
So, if the “up” sense of over has the antonymunder, why doesn’t above also have under as its antonym? — it means the same thing (has the same sense) in this context. George Miller, the cognitive scientist and founder of the lexical databaseWordNet, realised that antonymy is a relation between words, not their senses — so synonyms don’t (usually, at least) share their “antonymy” — hence above and over don’t share their antonyms.
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antonyms of a word are decided by culture and usage
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context decides which antonym is correct
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synonyms share senses but usually not their antonyms
This does not prevent the synonyms of antonyms from being shared:
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over => under {aneath, subjacent, lower, below,subordinate to, ‘neath, beneath, underneath, nether, inferior}
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above => below {under heaven, here below, under the stars, alow, subordinate to, in hell, under the sun, beneath, under, short of, underneath,beneath the sky}